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The magic number5/11/2023 ![]() ![]() Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 2-4. Hetrick, Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 3-2. Neuhold, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Dynamics, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN: 9-4. Bezella, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Statics, American Nuclear Society, Revised edition (1989), 1989, ISBN: 3-2. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988.Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Clarendon Press 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467 Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317 Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 8-1. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983). 0 and -99 would cause the WebService to supply a new ID. For example, I once saw a system where record IDs > 0 were treated normally, 0 itself was 'new record', -1 was 'this is the root' and -99 was 'this was created in the root'. Magic number nuclei have higher first excitation energy. A magic number can also be a number with special, hardcoded semantics.These nuclei appear perfectly spherical they have zero quadrupole electric moments.Nuclei with N = magic number have lower neutron absorption cross-sections than surrounding isotopes.The relative stability of these nuclei is reminiscent of that of inert gas atoms (closed electron shells). The nuclei He-4, O-16, and Pb-208 (82 protons and 126 neutrons) that contain magic numbers of both neutrons and protons are particularly stable. At the end of the decay series, the stable elements all have a “magic number” of neutrons or protons.For example, helium-4 is among the most abundant (and stable) nuclei in the universe. There are further special properties of nuclei, which have a magic number of nucleons: Nuclei that have both neutron numbers and proton numbers equal to one of the magic numbers can be called “ doubly magic” and are found to be particularly stable. It is found that nuclei with even numbers of protons and neutrons are more stable than those with odd numbers. Nuclei with closed shells are more tightly bound than the next higher number. These correspond to the closing of shells (or sub-shells). They are proved by observations showing that there are sudden discontinuities in the proton and neutron separation energies at specific values of Z and N. Magic numbers are predicted by the nuclear shell model. Atomic nuclei consisting of such a magic number of nucleons have a higher average binding energy per nucleon than one would expect based upon predictions such as the mass formula of von Weizsaecker (also called the semi-empirical mass formula – SEMF) and are hence more stable against nuclear decay. A magic number is many nucleons in a nucleus, corresponding to complete shells within the atomic nucleus.
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